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82- solve they not travel through the earth and see what was the end of those earlier than them? They were more fitting magnetism encircle than these again superior in strength again drag the traces influence the land: hereafter entire that they achieved turned into of no profit to them. 40-The Believer, 82?‚�[040 SURE GAFIR, V 82]There are verses money the Quran that speak of certain communities in the past who had reached a level of civilization higher than the neighborhood in which the prophet lived. These communities had been the authors of works far sophisticated to those produced by way of the latter. Especially at the beginning of the 19th century, the „historical point of view” occupied an important place. Hegel (1770-1831) spoke of reality as a historical process that could copy understood via the categories of historical explanation. His giving meaning to history, understanding and evaluating it were remarkable certainly. But philosopher understood history for a linear and evolutionary system that involved continuous and unilinear development. His approach was progressionist. His interpretation of history may express acclaimed, but a viewpoint that conceives every historic duration superior to the unparalleled preceding it is untenable. The Quran, an infallible book, proves once again that authentic is in the right. it acknowledges that past civilizations sometimes produced superior works and proved to be more powerful, thus refuting the linear concept of history. Linear development can even have taken place in a prone period of historical past. As a matter of fact, the advancement of science, whose origins went back to the 16th century, have adopted a positive trend up until the 21st century. However, to generalize this influential advancement to sunshade all of history also every domain would be a great mistake. while formulating his thesis, Hegel seems to have been enchanted by the advancement of sciences from the 16th century up until his own times. There are further disastrous effects of this concept of history than the uninitiated may conceive. A glittering example is communism. Marx’ materialistic interpretation of Hegel led to massacres in which thousands and thousands of people succumbed and gave blow in to both cold and hot wars. As a matter of fact, the advantage of this Hegelian concept of historical past in Marx’s ideology is great. While philosopher evaluated history through metaphysics, Marx preferred to standing historical past materialistically, calling his faculty „Historical Materialism.”HISTORICAL VIEW OF COMMUNISMMarx had a progressionist-linear-historical view (Marx’s emphases on the means of production and economics had had a great impact). This twist contended that a given community had to pass through stages, namely through feudalism, capitalism and socialism, before reaching communism. According to this conception, each of these stages would documentation a better degree of development than the previous unique. Thus, the communist stage would be superior even to the modern one. The communists assumed that communism might act for supreme cheerfulness and the ultimate score in history. Moreover, this turned into a „scientifically established” view! Those who have been against it have been considered unscientific. The ulterior collapse of bolshevism discredited the Marxist conception of a medical end of history. According to them, history’s progressive course may no longer be forestalled, so that communism changed into the ultimate stage. Yet most of the school textbooks of today are under the influence of that concept of history whose fundamental good judgment is that of linear uphold. licensed are no scientific data to justify the opinions that assert that man’s ancestors were savage hairy creatures since described in the books on archaeology. Engels himself, founder of modern communism along with Karl Marx, acknowledged this. On the assumption that men are fortuitous, he claims that the historical stages must act as accepted. Describing the primitives as deprived of language, not even knowing how to fire a fire, similar to hairy monkeys, would be an illusory account devoid of uncondensed scientific justification. There is no corroborative evidence to justify that men were superlative hunter-gatherers before they came to be acquainted stash farming. The idea, which took for granted the fact that historical past was of a linear also progressionist makeup, led necessarily to the adoption of the new conviction that man’s initial stage had been hunting and gathering, the simplest means of supplying food. The distinct periods of the past qualified as treasure Age, Bronze Age, etc., are also devoid of whole scientific evidence. whenever such classifications are made, there come moments when gadgets are unearthed, which, reputation principle should not be dating from the age to which they are supposed to belong. Yet, writers of textbooks are loath to motivate any corrections therein.PYRAMIDS, MARTIANS AND ACUPUNCTUREAccording to the progressionist analogue history conception, every lone of the stages that human history has gone through is superior to the preceding one shot. This erroneous conception is inculcated notice the brains of the majority of mankind. The supporters of this conception of history have been nonplussed in the face of the superior characteristics of pyramids. The question has cropped up, inquiring into the mystery of the designers of pyramids, whether their authors might not have been Martians! The great Cheops magnify at Giza, whose volume is about 2.515.000m3, is 147m high, the authorize measuring 230m. This structure foremost the quarrying of six meg stones, their transportation, amassment besides laying rule a compose likely to canvass desire centuries to come. The power coupled eclipse skill of the Egyptians leaves us astonied. Mentalities shaped according to the erroneous conception of history fail somehow to conclude that architecture reputation historical Egypt was at a very advanced stage. in that those familiar with the Quranic verses, there is nothing to wonder at in this, due to the Quran mentions of racket of superior quality that were accomplished long ago. 9- Do they no longer explore because the earth further consult what was the end of the ones before them? They were superior to them in strength, furrowed the covert and dwelt in it supplementary than they…30-The Romans, 9 [030 SURE AR-ROOM, V 9]Acupuncture, practiced in China through more than 4,500 years, shows that at a given spot on the earth, americans were in possession of anatomic knowledge more accurate than we can believe. Acupuncture was the adjudicature of a exhaustive knowledge of the nervous system of the human body and of the distribution of electricity in the body. an individual convinced of history’s linear; evolutionist and developmentalist structure cannot come scatter interrogation that it appears that the Chinese have been more versed significance the articulation of the anthropomorphic body than the following generations. Otherwise this would lead people to attribute the discovery of such data to the Martians, savor certain writers! To try to understand history also give it meaning is certainly capital. But to demanding interpret all the periods of historical past in each and every geographical nook of the covert within a unilinear and progressionist theory of history is a great error frequently dedicated. This bent of history has been the source of views that denied the personalities of individuals. These views that idealize the „state” led the right-minded to fascism again leftist persons to communism. The cause of a celebrated many disasters, this feeling favored the oppression of the regular via the state, refused to see the state at the service of its nationals as a superstructure created by man, and worthier to consider man owing to a retainer of the state, in which he had an insignificant concrete. through those who are now not familiar with the philosophy of history, these considerations may seem overstatements. If we look closer at the process initiated by Hegel, we may observe that it played a role, on the one hand, in the emergence of Hitler, also at the same time, of Marx. According to this view, the rule of history cannot be diverted. According to this mentality, whether laudable or execrable, the acts people indulge in have no effect on the retrogressive or changing courses in history. It is the „state” that performs the historical role, and the direction of history cannot change its direction. The human element is absent here as in fact. The Quran contends that anthropomorphic acts have their consequences in the future development of groups and that many communities have perished because of the evil doings of their members. This mood of life is one shot that saves man from being sweptwing by the storms that have raged in history. It is true that at certain periods of history community has marked significant progress by later a unilinear further driving course. But it is effortlessly wrong to generalize this action to cover the uncondensed past. To sensibility a period of two or three millennia from a similar angle may substitute incorrect. To call a liable century before Christ the „Stone Age,” thus generalizing it to sunshade the entirety of kindness could be improper. Great divergences between communities at a given age, lack of due communication, and reasons that thwarted the semipolitical and cultural development of societies the world being made a simultaneous development of peoples around the earth impossible. Let us assume that one thousand years hence, archaeological excavations conducted obscure a bias to having an insight into our level of civilization will present different results according to whether these excavations are mythical in else York or in a remote corner of africa. While the one that generalizes his findings will conclude that there had been a progression in the history of mankind, the other, having recourse to the common method of ratiocination, commit conclude that there had been retrogression. Another blunder generally committed is the assumption that products of divergent domain names like communications, arts, medicine, engineering, architecture, morals, aquacultural are put hotchpotch in the continuous box. The idea of progression in a given field have to now not be stretched to include other areas as well. Therefore, while history advances clout certain fields, it may recede in others. The correct firm to adjust would be to adopt an analytical approach also choose up every single product separately and evaluate it accordingly, hence getting rid of the generalizations and facile deductions of the unilinear progressive and evolutionist concepts of history.POSITIVISM also RELIGIONReligion has been the field exposed to misconceptions to which the unilinear progressive conception of historical past led. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) changed into the prominent representative of this movement. Comte bicameral history into assorted phases. He was confident that mankind would go through three phases before tomb up pull the system of philosophy to which he gave the name of comtism. In his historical study of the move ahead of the human mind, he discerned three phases: the theological, the metaphysical and the positive. Comte contended that the origins of the theological phase went seeing far again as fetishism, and that it was followed by polytheism, ending reinforcing keep secret monotheism. In the surest phase, qualified „positive,” he stated that science had taken the region of religion. He made use of this argument to censure all religious orders and philosophical methods prior to his concede advantageous system. While the other systems are „a series of primitive historical phases,” his acquiesce system was „the markedly perfect ultimate phase.” In the whirlwind of his passion, he dared clinch up a positivistic religion. This pseudo-Christianity would have a large skilled organization with positivistic temples and positivistic clergy. Comte’s efforts to show the monotheistic religions as but an interim phase in the series of historical periods are devoid of all scientific testify to and findings. Quite the reverse had been the case, considering the Ebla pills of ancient history discovered in 1975 bore monotheistic traces. Comte’s views, utterly devoid of replete tangible and convincing evidence, are taken for granted in many school textbooks. predominance each stage of history there has existed the idea of one God. Monotheism was opposed by means of the idolaters of the moon or the sun, or communists or positivists at different periods of history. All other beliefs have become calendar pages of history to copy torn off, while the stand guidance one God abides forever.Those who fail to prepare a historical class of religions having archeological findings have advised the following train of thought: „Let us find the most primitive community on earth, for the oldest religion should substitute theirs, since it need to have preserved its traditions.” some of the supporters of this line of thought, devoid of all scientific foundation, took the tribe that adored natural phenomena as the much primitive of the groups on earth, and its religion, the very much ancient. Those who considered the pygmies of monotheistic outlook contended that the primeval religion was monotheistic (Such a line of thought diode naturally to different conclusions). This feeling on religion, whose proponents have been Andrew Lang and P.W. Schmidt, has been very appealing. according to this theory, most of the religions of the cosmos are but corrupt versions of monotheism. According to Schmidt, idolization of powers of trait is irrelevant, considering in order that the powers of nature may be made into gods, one should already trust the notion of „God.” according to this view, the reason over the corruption of monotheistic religions further the emanation of polytheism is man’s transforming, ropes time, of metaphors into identifications. The line of thought ran something like this. „God is Creator, He is like my mother.” „God is the source of everything, He is like the earth.” These metaphors think in time replaced the original conceptualization that came to be identified with a concrete theory. schmidt contended that one of the evidences of the fact that polytheistic religions’ origins lay in monotheism was the fact that the conviction of a primeval and all powerful jehovah still survived. The common characteristics of the Eble tablets, Egyptian mythology, and monotheistic religions of diverse configurations support the certainty that they originated from a single source, but underwent corruption for various reasons. The connatural reasoning of schmidt is more virtuous. As a matter of fact, there is hardly anything in philosopher deducible or defensible on the grounds of consistency to support the postulation of a sensationalism phase being the ultimate phase of human maturity. Anyway, based merely on written evidence, it is impossible to arrive at an identification of the pristine religion. but thanks to I have deliberate out, both the Ebla tablets dating from 3000 B.C. and the evidence offered by the historical times prove that the faith in only God has always existed. These tablets, in which the names Adam, Eve, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Michael, David are discussed as they figure in the Quran, further the Old and larger Testaments, establish that monotheistic religions always existed. 47- each community has a messenger …10-Jonah, 47 [10- Sure Yunus , V47]